Different Approach of International Business

Different approach of International Business In truth, we have become part of a global village and have a global economy where no organization is insulted from the effects foreign markets and competition. Indeed, more and more firm are reshaping themselves for international competition and discovering new ways to exploit markets in every corner of the world. Failure to take a global perspective in one of the biggest mistakes managers can make. Thus we start laying the foundation for our discussion by introducing and describing the basic of international business. International Business: An international business is one that is based primarily in a single country but acquires some meaningful share of its resources or revenues (or both) from other countries. Sears fits this description. Most of its stores are in the United States. For example, and the retailer earns around 90 percent of its revenues from its U. S. operation with the remaining 10 percent coming sears stores in Canada. At the same time however, many of the products it sells, such as tools and clothing are made abroad from any perspective. Then it is clear that we live in a truly global economy. Virtually all business today must be concerned with the competitive situations they face in lands for from home and with how companies from distant lands are competing in their homelands. Difference approaches of international business are given below: †¢ Importing and Exporting †¢ Franchising †¢ Licensing †¢ Joint Venture †¢ Foreign Direct Investment †¢ Management contact Importing and Exporting: Imports: Imports† consist of transactions in goods and services (sales, barter, gifts or grants) from non-residents residents to residents. The exact definition of imports in national accounts includes and excludes specific â€Å"borderline† cases. A general delimitation of imports in national accounts is given below: †¢ An import of a good occurs when there is a change of ownership from a non-resident to a resident; this does not necessarily imply that the good in question physically crosses the frontier. However, in specific cases national accounts impute changes of ownership even though in legal terms no change of ownership takes place (e. g. ross border financial leasing, cross border deliveries between affiliates of the same enterprise, goods crossing the border for significant processing to order or repair). Also smuggled goods must be included in the import measurement. †¢ Imports of services consist of all services rendered by non-residents to residents. In national accounts any direct purchases by residents outside the economic territory of a country are recorded as imports of services; therefor e all expenditure by tourists in the economic territory of another country are considered as part of the imports of services. Also international flows of illegal services must be included. Basic trade statistics often differ in terms of definition and coverage from the requirements in the national accounts: †¢ Data on international trade in goods are mostly obtained through declarations to custom services. If a country applies the general trade system, all goods entering the country are recorded as imports. If the special trade system (e. g. extra-EU trade statistics) is applied goods which are received into customs warehouses are not recorded in external trade statistics unless they subsequently go into free circulation of the importing country. A special case is the intra-EU trade statistics. Since goods move freely between the member states of the EU without customs controls, statistics on trade in goods between the member states must be obtained through surveys. To reduce the statistical burden on the respondents small scale traders are excluded from the reporting obligation. †¢ Statistical re cording of trade in services is based on declarations by banks to their central banks or by surveys of the main operators. In a globalized economy where services can be rendered via electronic means (e. . internet) the related international flows of services are difficult to identify. †¢ Basic statistics on international trade normally do not record smuggled goods or international flows of illegal services. A small fraction of the smuggled goods and illegal services may nevertheless be included in official trade statistics through dummy shipments or dummy declarations that serve to conceal the illegal nature of the activities. Balance of trade Balance of trade represents a difference in value for import and export for a country. A country has demand for an import when domestic quantity demanded exceeds domestic quantity supplied, or when the price of the good (or service) on the world market is less than the price on the domestic market. The balance of trade, usually denoted NX, is the difference between the value of the goods (and services) a country exports and the value of the goods the country imports: NX = X ? I, or equivalently I = X ? NX A trade deficit occurs when imports are large relative to exports. Imports are impacted principally by a country's income and its productive resources. For example, the US imports oil from Canada even though the US has oil and Canada uses oil. However, consumers in the US are willing to pay more for the marginal barrel of oil than Canadian consumers are, because there is more oil demanded in the US than there is oil produced. In macroeconomic theory, the value of imports I can be modeled as a function of the domestic absorption A and the real exchange rate ?. These are the two largest factors of imports and they both affect imports positively: I = I(A,? ) Types of import There are two basic types of import: 1. Industrial and consumer goods 2. Intermediate goods and services Companies import goods and services to supply to the domestic market at a cheaper price and better quality than competing goods manufactured in the domestic market. Companies import products that are not available in the local market. There are three broad types of importers: 1. Looking for any product around the world to import and sell. 2. Looking for foreign sourcing to get their products at the cheapest price. 3. Using foreign sourcing as part of their global supply chain. Direct-import refers to a type of business importation involving a major retailer (e. g. Wal-Mart) and an overseas manufacturer. A retailer typically purchases products designed by local companies that can be manufactured overseas. In a direct-import program, the retailer bypasses the local supplier (colloquial middle-man) and buys the final product directly from the manufacturer, possibly saving in added costs. This type of business is fairly recent and follows the trends of the global economy. Role of the Internet Many online auction websites are now providing wholesalers through a wholesale list, generally, the lists that require a fee to view, may not be updated frequently, the data may be old, and the companies listed may no longer be in business. Another form of online middlemen are B2B trade companies. These cater mainly to big businesses who are importing large quantities of goods from foreign countries. They also have sister sites that serve smaller orders for small businesses. In addressing the concerns of listed companies' legitimacy and dependability, such B2B portals may inspect suppliers at their actual premises before they list suppliers. Alternatively, these companies may also branch out of cyberspace and organize their own sourcing fairs, where thousands of buyers and suppliers can meet face-to-face. Statistical data Data on the value of imports and their quantities often broken down by detailed lists of products are available in statistical collections on international trade published by the statistical services of intergovernmental organizations (e. g. UNSTAT, FAOSTAT, OECD), supranational statistical institutes (e. g. Eurostat) and national statistical institutes. Exports: The definition of â€Å"export† is when you trade something out of the country. In economics, an export is any good or commodity, transported from one country to another country in a legitimate fashion, typically for use in trade. In national accounts â€Å"exports† consist of transactions in goods and services (sales, barter, gifts or grants) from residents to non-residents. The exact definition of exports includes and excludes specific â€Å"borderline† cases. A general delimitation of exports in national accounts is given below: †¢ An export of a good occurs when there is a change of ownership from a resident to a non-resident; this does not necessarily imply that the good in question physically crosses the frontier. However, in specific cases national accounts impute changes of ownership even though in legal terms no change of ownership takes place (e. . cross border financial leasing, cross border deliveries between affiliates of the same enterprise, goods crossing the border for significant processing to order or repair). Also smuggled goods must be included in the export measurement. †¢ Export of services consist of all services rendered by residents to non-residents. In national accounts any direct purchases by non-residents in the economic territory of a country are recorded as exports of services; therefore all expenditure by foreign tourists in the economic territory of a country is considered as part of the exports of services of that country. Also international flows of illegal services must be included. Process Methods of export include a product or good or information being mailed, hand-delivered, shipped by air, shipped by boat, uploaded to an internet site, or downloaded from an internet site. Exports also include the distribution of information that can be sent in the form of an email, an email attachment, a fax or can be shared during a telephone conversation. Advantages of exporting Ownership advantages are the firm's specific assets, international experience, and the ability to develop either low-cost or differentiated products within the contacts of its value chain. The vocational advantages of a particular market are a combination of market potential and investment risk. Internationalization advantages are the benefits of retaining a core competence within the company and threading it though the value chain rather than obtain to license, outsource, or sell it. In relation to the Eclectic paradigm, companies that have low levels of ownership advantages either do not enter foreign markets. If the company and its products are equipped with ownership advantage and internalization advantage, they enter through low-risk modes such as exporting. Exporting requires significantly lower level of investment than other modes of international expansion, such as FDI. As you might expect, the lower risk of export typically results in a lower rate of return on sales than possible though other modes of international business. In other words, the usual return on export sales may not be tremendous, but neither is the risk. Exporting allows managers to exercise operation control but does not provide them the option to exercise as much marketing control. An exporter usually resides far from the end consumer and often enlists various intermediaries to manage marketing activities. Disadvantages of exporting For Small-and-Medium Enterprises (SME) with less than 250 employees, selling goods and services to foreign markets seems to be more difficult than serving the domestic market. The lack of knowledge for trade regulations, cultural differences, different languages and foreign-exchange situations as well as the strain of resources and staff interact like a block for exporting. Indeed there are some SME's which are exporting, but nearly two-third of them sell in only to one foreign market. The following assumption shows the main disadvantages: †¢ Financial management effort: To minimize the risk of exchange-rate fluctuation and transactions processes of export activity the financial management needs more capacity to cope the major effort †¢ Customer demand: International customers demand more services from their vendor like installation and startup of equipment, maintenance or more delivery services. Communication technologies improvement: The improvement of communication technologies in recent years enable the customer to interact with more suppliers while receiving more information and cheaper communications cost at the same time like 20 years ago. This leads to more transparency. The vendor is in duty to follow the real-time demand and to submit all transaction details. †¢ Management mistakes: The management might tap in some of the organi zational pitfalls, like poor selection of oversea agents or distributors or chaotic global organization. Ways of exporting The company can decide to export directly or indirectly to a foreign country. Direct selling in export strategy Direct selling involves sales representatives, distributors, or retailers who are located outside the exporter's home country. Direct exports are goods and services that are sold to an independent party outside of the exporter’s home country. Mainly the companies are pushed by core competencies and improving their performance of value chain. Direct selling through distributors It is considered to be the most popular option to companies, to develop their own international marketing capability. This is achieved by charging personnel from the company to give them greater control over their operations. Direct selling also give the company greater control over the marketing function and the opportunity to earn more profits. In other cases where network of sales representative, they company can transfer them exclusive rights to sell in a particular geographic region. A distributor in a foreign country is a merchant who purchases the product from the manufacturer and sells them at profit. Distributors usually carry stock inventory and service the product, and in most cases distributes deals with retailers rather than end users. Evaluating Distributors †¢ The size and capabilities of its sales force. †¢ Its sales record. †¢ An analysis of its territory. †¢ Its current product mix. †¢ Its facilities and equipment. †¢ Its marketing polices. †¢ Its customer profit. †¢ Its promotional strategy. Direct selling through foreign retailers and end users Exporters can also sell directly to foreign retailers. Usually, products are limited to consumer lines; it can also sell to direct end users. A good way to generate such sales is by printing catalogs or attending trade shows. Direct selling over the Internet Electronic commerce is an important mean to small and big companies all over the world, to trade internationally. We already can see how important E-commerce is for marketing growth among exporters companies in emerging economies, in order to overcome capital and infrastructure barriers. E-commerce eased engagements, provided faster and cheaper delivery of information, generates quick feedback on new products, improves customer service, accesses a global audience, levels the field of companies, and support electronics data interchange with suppliers and customers. Indirect selling Indirect exports, is simply selling goods to or through an independent domestic intermediary in their own home county. Then intermediaries export the products to customers foreign markets. Making the export decision Once a company determines it has exportable products, it must still consider other factors, such as the following: †¢ What does the company want to gain from exporting? †¢ Is exporting consistent with other company goals? †¢ What demands will export place on the company's key resources – management and personnel, production capacity, and finance – and how will these demands be met? Are the expected benefits worth the costs, or would company resources be better used for developing new domestic business? Challenges Exporting to foreign countries poses challenges not found in domestic sales. With domestic sales, manufacturers typically sell to wholesalers or direct to retailer or even direct to consumers. When exporting, manufacturers may have to sell to importers who then in turn sell to wholesalers. Extra layer(s) in the chain of distribution squeezes margins and manufacturers may need to offer lower prices to importers than to domestic wholesalers. Franchising Why choose franchising? Although many people dream about running their own business, few actually possess the experience or the capital needed to turn that dream into a reality. Franchising however, is a comfortable alternative to running a business entirely on your own. After purchasing a franchise license, you're ready to set up a business for yourself – but not by yourself. What is franchising? The term ‘franchising' can describe some very different business arrangements. It is important to understand exactly what you're being offered. Advantages Independence: You are your own boss, the business’ success depends on you and you will spend a big part of your life surrounded by learning children. †¢ [pic][pic]Minimized risk: A team of experienced business people with a vested interest in your success is waiting to guide you through the process: From writing a yearly Business Plan, through choosing the best marketing tactics to defining your commer cial goals. †¢ Brand recognition: Helen Doron Early English is an internationally acknowledged and respected brand, granting you a strong position in the market from day one. Thorough training: Our intensive training courses prepare you with the highest level of organizational, business, administrative and pedagogic know-how. †¢ On Going support: Even after the first few months, the business team is always there to offer advice and support. †¢ Educational excellence: Teaching English to children with the Helen Doron Early English method ensures that your students will be fluent speakers and thus have access to better education and professions Disadvantages †¢ Costs may be higher than you expect. As well as the initial costs of buying the franchise, you pay continuing management service fees and you may have to agree to buy products from the franchisor. †¢ †¢ The franchise agreement usually includes restrictions on how you run the business. You might not be able to make changes to suit your local market. †¢ †¢ The franchisor might go out of business. †¢ †¢ Other franchisees could give the brand a bad reputation. †¢ †¢ You may find it difficult to sell your franchise – you can only sell it to someone approved by the franchisor. †¢ †¢ All profits are shared with the franchisor Business format franchise This is the most common form of franchising. A true business format franchise occurs when the owner of a business (the franchisor) grants a licence to another person or business (the franchisee) to use their business idea – often in a specific geographical area. The franchisee sells the franchisor's product or services, trades under the franchisor's trade mark or trade name and benefits from the franchisor's help and support. In return, the franchisee usually pays an initial fee to the franchisor and then a percentage of the sales revenue. The franchisee owns the outlet they run. But the franchisor keeps control over how products are marketed and sold and how their business idea is used. Well-known businesses that offer franchises of this kind include Prontaprint, Dyno-Rod and McDonald's. Other types of arrangement Different types of sales relationships are also sometimes referred to as franchises. For example: †¢ Distributorship and dealership – you sell the product but don't usually trade under the franchise name. You have more freedom over how you run the business. †¢ Agency – you sell goods or services on behalf of the supplier. Licensee – you have a licence giving you the right to make and sell the licensor's product. There are usually no extra restrictions on how you run your business. Multi-level marketing Some businesses offer franchises that are really multi-level marketing. Self-employed distributors sell goods on a manufacturer's behalf. You get commission on any sales you make , and also on sales made by other distributors you recruit. Be aware that some multi-level marketing schemes may be dishonest or illegal Pizza hut †¢ Are your core business processes falling through the cracks in a flood of E-mail? Does your small or medium business have to coordinate with people in several other companies and with freelancers? †¢ Not sure where work is getting stuck in the pipeline? †¢ Ever forgotten to send or chase up an invoice? It’s a commonplace that business owners should work on their business, not in it. Businesses need architecting and structuring in the same way as software does, so that they can run without you; the best way to do that is through careful design and automation of the underlying processes. Becoming a member of the New Rich is not just about working smarter. It’s about building a system to replace yourself. – Tim Ferriss, â€Å"The 4-Hour Work Week† The discipline of Business Process Modeling has long been seen as the preserve of enterprises, who invest tens of thousands of dollars and many man-months in building complex installed systems designed to manage thousands of employees. But the same techniques, made much more affordable and simple, are just as important for small and medium businesses, particularly as these companies rely more and more on home workers and get distributed across multiple countries and time-zones. Process modeling and automation can be affordable and simple, with Rain flow, a cloud based Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) process design and execution platform. Rain Flow allows you quickly build a set of processes that don’t stop at your company’s boundaries! Pretend that your business is going to serve as the model for 5,000 more just like it – Michael E. Gerber, â€Å"The E-myth Revisited† Process automation ensures that tasks don’t â€Å"fall through the cracks†: †¢ Import processes from our Pre-defined Process Library, covering a variety of common needs (invoicing, document approval, support etc. †¢ Import your contacts from G mail or Outlook and create your own Org-Chart †¢ Customize or create brand new processes using our online graphic Process Design Tool †¢ Automatically generate documentation for the processes, a great first step towards ISO 9001 compliance †¢ Low monthly fee – don’t get hammere d every time you add a collaborator Investors invest in good systems and people who can build good systems. Investors do not like to invest in businesses where the system, goes home at night. Robert Kiyosaki, â€Å"Rich Dad’s Guide to Investing† †¢ Tasks are automatically assigned to employees, freelancers and even workers in other companies †¢ Customizable E-mail alerts and reminders †¢ Web-based UI for all participants show their current tasks and processes, wherever they access from †¢ Managers get an overview of what processes are in operation, where they â€Å"get stuck† and how they can be improved Franchising Conclusion The franchising can give you a good start into the entry of the business for some people, sometimes entirely new running any business of their own. All you need to do is to follow the already existing formula with the training, advice and marketing. But, you are still investing some of your life savings. So it is best to do research before you invest and take the advice of experienced professionals. For the franchisors, to be this experienced advice is as least beneficial, for without it, they may have an unsuccessful franchise but they will also put their whole business in a bad position and place their livelihoods, lifesavings and all of their franchisees in danger. Licensing: An arrangement where by one company allows another company to use its brand name, trade-mark, technology, patent, copyright or other assets in exchange for a royally based on sales. A company may prefer to arrange for a foreign company to manufacture or market its products under a licensing agreement. Factor that may lead to this decision include excessive transportation costs, government regulations and home production costs. ? Licensed a legal document giving official permission to do something. ? Having been issued with a license by the required authority. License is Aya Ueto’s fourth Japanese solo studio album. ? Freedom to deviate deliberately from normally applicable rules or practice. Securing a patent license or an invention license is hard, frustration and the consuming. The all ration of licensing trade mark for business intention. Appears to be at an all time high mostly in the fashion area, where by customers are buying more licensed products and brand names than e ver before. For example: Coca-cola is licensing company. Coca-cola company’s details: Coca-cola Hellenic was a pioneer foreign investor in Belarus first licensing a local manufacture in 1994 and than setting up its own production facilities in 1997. Its original us $42 million investment was the first green field development in Belarus by a foreign investor. Today, after almost us $ 120 million of investment, Coca-cola Hellanic has four production lines in Belarus producing Coca-cola, Fanta, Sprite, Schweppes, local brand Frunktime. In the summer and over Christmas the lines run 24 hours a day and it employs 550 people in its manufacturing head quarters and across its nation wide sales, warehouse and distribution network. Because of its early entry to the market, Coca-cola Helenic now has approximately 25% of rapidly growing soft drinks market in Belarus. Coca-cola Hellenic also plays an active role in helping the government improve the business climate in Belarus through its founding member ship of the foreign investment advisory council. Coca-cola’s task environment: Competitor Pepsi – cola Seven up 8 Inca Kola Strategic Partner Wash vile Coca-cola system evolution Supplier’s Human right alert Covalence SA Coca-cola trading company Customers Coca-cola Global History of Bottling Regulations Government Licensing is leasing a legally protected property like trade marked or copy righted name, logo, likeness, character, phrase or design to another party in combination with a product service or promotion. It is a process which lays stress on consumer management, development of brand equity in the with international imagery, providing right shopping ambience and perhaps is less about manufacturing. Advantages of Licensing: 1. An invention incentive:- We believe that having a stake in a products actual commercial success unleashes the ultimate incentive for the inventor and results in the best design solutions. A â€Å"licensing agreement† accomplishes this by rewarding an inventor with a reasonable royalty for his or her. 2. A product head start:- The times and money that a company normally spends on the R & D phase can instead be invested in a products a creative resource and a business ally,. 3. Fair & balanced :- The royally can very with each product in order to consider such factors as the license’s to be ling, manufacturing and promotional expense. Product Exclusivity: A license can grant to a manufacture exclusive right to make and sell products relating to the license and any associated patents. 4. Licensing is often the best bet for an inventory. 5. Licensing is less risky for inventory because the license assume all business task 6. Less expensive and inventory to spend more time inventing. 7. Less money and offers freedom to live and work any where. Disadvantages: 1. Very few inventors can retire and their inventory royalties. 2. If license invention only receive a small percentage of sales. 3. Potential pay of for licensing an invention is much smaller that introduction. License is a process which lays stress on consumer management, development of brand equity in the international imagery, providing right shopping ambience and perhaps is less about manufacturing. Licensing is away of growing with an already established brand. It provides the brand recall benefit, which are not achievable is case one comes out with a brand new image. There are many types of licensing business like art & design, corporate brands, events, fashion brand, food & drinks. Strategic Alliances Elmuti and Kathawala (2001) and Wild et al. (2008) explain that a strategic alliance consists of companies who do business together to reach each company’s strategic goals. Wild et al. (2008) state that strategic alliances are similar to joint ventures since they can take place for a short period of time up to several months, depending on the strategic goals. Example 1: Motorola initially found it very difficult to gain access to the Japanese cellular telephone market in the mid 1980s as the firm complained loudly about formal and informal Japanese trade barriers. The turning point for Motorola came in 1987 when it allied itself with Toshiba to build microprocessor. As part of this deal, Toshiba provided Motorola with marketing help, including some of its best managers. This helped Motorola in the political game of securing government approval to enter Japanese market and getting radio frequencies assigned for its mobile communications systems (Hill, 2006). Example 2: In 2003, Microsoft and Toshiba established an alliance aimed at developing embedded microprocessors that can perform a variety of entertainment functions in an automobile. The processors will run a version of Microsoft’s Windows CE operating system. Microsoft brings its software engineering skills to the alliance and Toshiba its skills in developing microprocessors (Hill, 2006). Example 3: In 1999, Palm Computer, the leading maker of personal digital assistance entered into an alliance with Sony under which Sony agreed to license and use Palm’s operating system in Sony PDAs. The motivation for the alliance was in part to help establish Palm’s operating system as the industry standard for PDAs, as opposed to a rival Windows based operating system from Microsoft (Hill, 2006). Elmuti and Kathawala (2001) and Wild et al. (2008) also explain that a strategic alliance can give a company several advantages. Advantages of Strategic Alliances †¢ Reduction of costs †¢ Decreased financial and economic risks †¢ Getting a glimpse of the other’s competitive advantages such as technology †¢ Getting access to the other’s market and distribution channel Disadvantages of Strategic Alliances The primary disadvantage of strategic alliances is that it can create disagreements between the companies which can create a future competitor (Wild et al. 008). Joint Venture A joint venture is when two or more firms establish a new firm that is jointly owned, but sometimes one company has a majority share. The main reason to use a joint venture as entry mode is that the companies share the risk and costs amongst them. But there is also the benefit of entering a market with a company from the host country as they have experience of doing business in that specific country. The local alliance partner has a firsthand knowledge of the political and cultural system in the host country. In some countries, this is the only entry mode possible for companies due to political and legal policies that prohibit foreign ownership (Hill, 2006). Example 1: The Adidas Group and Vulcabras SA have agreed to form a joint venture company with Reebok International Ltd to distribute Reebok footwear, apparel and accessories in Brazil and Paraguay. Financial details were not disclosed, but under the terms of the agreement Pedro Grendene Bartelle will be president and chairman of the new joint venture company, which will be governed by a board of directors to be comprised of Reebok and Vulcabras executives. The joint venture agreement expires at the end of 2015 (Globe Business Publishing Ltd, 2008). Example 2: Toshiba Storage Device Division has introduced its new DVD ROM, which is the first drive to ship from the new Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology (TSST) joint venture. Headquartered in Japan, the TSST joint venture involves product and business planning, product development, procurement and sales for optical disk-drives, including CD-ROM, CD Recordable, DVD Recordable and DVD-ROM drives. The organization is 51 percent owned by Toshiba and 49 ercent owned by Samsung and has combined annual sales exceeding $1. 8 billion (eMedia Asia Ltd, 2008). Example 3: Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB is a joint venture between Ericsson and Sony. It offers mobile communications products for people who appreciate the possibilities of powerful technology. Established in 2001 by Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson and Sony Corporation, the joint venture continues to build on the success of its two innovative parent companies. Sony Ericsson creates value for its operator customers by bringing new ways of using multimedia communications while mobile. The company’s management is based in London, and has 4,000 employees across the globe working on research, development, design, sales, marketing, distribution and support Advantages of Joint Venture Wild et al. (2008) state that using a joint venture while entering a country decreases the risk since the exposure is reduced to the parts of the company they have contributed to the joint venture. Joint ventures can also provide an access to the other partner’s distribution channels. However, Wild et al. (2008) and Osland et al. 2001) further point out that joint ventures can create disagreements between the owners and a loss of control when one owner has knowledge or information that the other lacks. Disadvantages of Joint Venture There are several disadvantages with a joint venture. As in every partnership there is a possibility that friction will occur. It can easily be conflicts in a joint venture in questions of investments and corporate goals. There is also the possib ility of a power struggle in order to gain control. Joint venture also has some disadvantages similar to licensing as it can reduce the ability to achieve experience curve economies and location advantages. The risk of losing control of the company’s specific assets such as technological know-how may also occur (Hill, 2006). Foreign Direct Investment: Foreign direct investment occurs when a firm headquartered in one country builds or purchases operating facilities or subsidiaries in a foreign country. The foreign operations then become wholly owned subsidiaries of the firm. For example, Ford’s acquisition of Jaguar, Volvo and Kia. Dell Computer’s new factory in china is a direct investment. A major reason many firms make foreign direct investments is to capitalize on lower labor costs. In other words, the goal is often to transfer production to locations where labor is cheap. Japanese businesses have moved much of their production to Thailand because labor costs are much lower there than in Japan. There are two strategies used in foreign direct investment. 1. Brownfield 2. Greenfield Brownfield Investment: When a company or government entity purchases or leases existing production facilities to launch a new production activity. For example, BANGLALINK Banglalink: Banglalink is the second largest cellular service provider in Bangladesh after Grameenphone. In September 2004, Orascom Telecom holding purchase 100% of the share of Sheba Telecom (Pvt. ) Ltd. Sheba had a base of 59000 users, of whom 49000 were regular when it was sold. Afterward it was re-branded and launched its service under the Banglalink brand on February 10, 2005. The task environments of Banglalink are: Competitors:  · Grameen  · Aktel  · Warid  · Citycell  · Teletalk Customers:  · Individual consumers  · Institutional customers Suppliers:  · Siemens  · Wholesale parts processors  · Packaging manufacturers Strategic partners:  · BTRC  · Nokia-Siemens  · Network Regulators:  · BRTC  · Securities and Exchange commission  · Police department Greenfield Investment: A Greenfield investment is the investment in a manufacturing, office, or other physical company related structure or group of structures in an area where no previous facilities exist. Greenfield investing is usually offered as an alternative to another form of investment such as merger and acquisition, joint venture or licensing agreement. Greenfield investing is often mentioned in the context of Foreign Direct Investment. For example: Warid Telecom Warid Telecom: Warid Telecom International Ltd. is a GSM based cellular operator in Bangladesh. Warid was the sixth mobile phone carrier to enter the Bangladesh market and launched commercial operation on May 10, 2007. Warid telecom international LLC an Abu Dhabi based consortium, sold a majority 70% stake in the company to Indian’s Bharti Airtel Ltd. for US $300 million. The task environments of Warid are: Competitors:  · Grameen Aktel  · Citycell  · Teletalk  · Banglalink Customers:  · Individual consumers  · Institutional customers Suppliers:  · Samsung  · Wholesale parts processors  · Packaging manufacturers Strategic partners:  · BTRC  · Samsung  · Network Regulators:  · BRTC  · Securities and Exchange commission  · Police department Like the other approaches for increasing a firm’s level of internationalization, direct inves tment carries with it a number of advantages and disadvantages. They are discussed below: Advantages of foreign direct investment: Enhanced control: In foreign direct investment managerial control is more complete and profits do not have to be shared as they do in joint ventures. Existing infrastructure: Existing infrastructure is another advantages of foreign direct investment. Purchasing an existing organization provides additional benefits is that the human resources and organizational infrastructure are already in place. Consume the cost of introducing a new brand: Acquisition is also a way to purchase the brand name identification of a product. This could be particularly important if the cost of introducing a new brand is high. Disadvantages of foreign direct investment: Complexity: Complexity is one of the disadvantages of foreign direct investment. In decision making it creates great complexity. Greater economic and political risk: In this approach a firm starts business in foreign country in greater economic and political risk. Greater uncertainty: Foreign direct investments have some advantage but the firm work in greater uncertainty. Management Contract Wild et al. (2008) explain that a management indenture is when one business gives another managerial expertise. The authors further point out that management contracts are often used by the public sector moreover. This entry mode is not used on a one time basis but rather during an extended time period. There are several advantages to gain by using management contracts as an entry mode, for example international business opportunities can arise and there may be an increase of expertise of local workers. This entry mode reduces the exposure and risk of losing physical assets, however the employees may still be exposed to risks and management contracts can create a future competitor in the local market. Conclusion From the above discussion following conclusion can be drawn: †¢ In accordance with the view of (Hill, 2006) managers of international businesses need to remember that foreign assembly can improve their capabilities over time, and this can be of immense strategic benefit to the firm. Rather than viewing foreign assembly process as sweatshops where unskilled labor churns out low cost goods, manager need to view them as otential centers of excellence and to encourage and foster attempts by local managers to upgrade the capabilities of their factories and thereby, foreign assembly can serve as a source of competitive advantage. And the various case studies discussed in the easy supports this statement. †¢ In accordance with the view of (Lankford & Parsa, 1999), contrac t manufacturing can enable an organization to gain competitive advantage when products or services are produced more effectively and efficiently by outside suppliers. The advantages in contract manufacturing can be operational, strategic, or both. Operational advantages usually provide for short-term trouble avoidance, while strategic advantages offer long-term contributions in maximizing opportunities. However, suggestions of (Harland et al. 2005) cannot be under estimated who suggested that the failure to manage outsourcing relationships properly, perhaps through service level agreements, may reduce customer service, levels of control and contact with the international customers and suppliers. Finally it may be mentioned that it is appropriate to use contract manufacturing or foreign assembly within an international marketing strategy when risk factors are identified and dealt with precision and careful strategic analysis. Appropriateness of embedding contract manufacturing and foreign assembly within an international marketing strategy depends of how precisely an organization can manage multiple relationships in different environmental context and gain competitive advantage. The main goal of foreign manufacturing and foreign assembly process is to increase and sustain the organizational competency. As stated in the discussion that the rationale behind establishing a foreign manufacturing facility, the strategic role of foreign factories can evolve over time and success of such strategy depends on the organization’s ability to respond in the ever changing global environment.

English coursework Essay

The creature not only has beautiful thoughts in this quotation but uses sensitive language: attracted, lovely, delight. However later on the creature explains that rage grasped hold of him as he realised that he would never enjoy her company. This explains that the creature is desperate to love someone, but because everyone treats him as if he is sub-human he is filled with fury, which is a natural human reaction. This is a reoccurring theme throughout the novel, and it becomes blatantly obvious that if humans treated him with respect and admiration, the creature would have never caused desolation. The above quote is far from the only example of this reoccurring theme in the novel. When the creature studies the cottagers we realise that love and desire are an element of his personality; ‘The more I saw of them, the greater became my desire to claim their protection and kindness; my heart yearned to be known and loved by these amiable creatures: to see their sweet looks directed towards me with affection was the utmost limit of my ambition. ‘ The creature clearly desperately craves for their admiration but when the cottagers encounter him, they scorn and beat him. It is clear that in this situation it is the cottagers who are the monster and the creature that is human, as the creature is reaching out for love and friendship, but the cottages dismiss him and beat him with malicious intent. At the time of the creation of this novel, a revolution was in progress in France. Throughout the novel there is an underlying connection between its story and the French revolution that became apparent. In France the radical reform was causing a severe amount of controversy and violence. Some believed the reform to be a positive movement as it would create a more democratic country, however there were others who believed that the reform would damage traditions and make several workers redundant. Therefore, despite the reformists’ intentions being good, the result caused violence and destruction. This theme is paralleled in the novel as Frankenstein intended to defeat death thus helping humanity; however the consequences of his actions resulted in violence and destruction. Another correlation between the two is that Frankenstein playing God (as he is defeating death) threatens religion as it insinuates that humans have the power and not God, and in the revolution the Church was under threat as the reform deprived them of power and encouraged liberal thinking. However the most important theme is the debate; is it the reform that causes destruction and devastation or is it peoples inability to accept something different? Is it the creature that causes destruction and devastation or is it peoples inability to accept something different? I believe the answer to both of these questions is peoples inability to accept something different, because if people were not afraid of change then they would have accepted the revolution and not created a reign of terror, and if people were not afraid of something alien and different then people would have treated the creature with some form of courtesy and consideration, thus avoiding infuriating the creature. Evidence from the text on this point is when a young boy free of prejudice and discrimination is confronted by the creature; ‘monster! Ugly wretch! You wish to eat me, and tear me to pieces – You are an ogre – let me go, or I will tell my papa. ‘ The creature had already explained that he had no intentions to hurt or harm the boy, but because the creature is different and alien, he is immediately associated with evil, and must be avoided. Mary Shelley creates a variety of interesting points throughout the novel; that we should except death and take solace in the fact that we will hopefully be reunited one day in heaven. Therefore we should not be saddened and try to control the natural process of life, but enjoy experience. Mary Shelley also warned the reader about the dangers of unknown science, and that even an experiment designed to help humanity can have disastrous consequences. However, the most inspiring point created was the connection between the French revolution and the novel. It opened the readers mind to the prejudice and discrimination that the human race evilly portray. Anything alien or different must be associated with evil, which is a fundamental flaw of society that is near impossible to eliminate. We are, as a race, extremely narrow minded. In the novel we failed to overlook the creature’s repulsive appearance and treated him with complete contempt and disdain. This story illustrates the intolerant and callous society, and no matter how considerate and selfless a person is, we will still torment and ridicule them if they are in any way different to ourselves. Therefore, I disagree that the creature is a fiend as although he is cursed with a grotesque appearance that does not make him a monster, and although he committed several fiendish acts he is not accountable for this as it is merely a consequence of humans disgraceful behaviour, however as the creature endures feelings of both compassion and rage, as he can distinguish between good and evil, and as he desires more than the basic necessities of hunger, shelter and thirst, I believe that the creature must be described as essentially human. Â  

Resistance Efforts of the Biblystock Ghetto, Sobibor Concentration Essay

Resistance Efforts of the Biblystock Ghetto, Sobibor Concentration Camp uprising, and Partisian Groups - Essay Example Despite their defeat, the Jews chose to die while resisting the Nazis rather than die in concentration camps helpless. Many of the Jews were eventually brutally killed even though they tried to resist. Some committed suicide while others just waited for fate to take its course. (Arad 323). Most of the resisters were confined and later transported to concentration camps, and others were murdered on the spot. The efforts of the Jews living in Biblystock ghetto were not successful as expected by the Jews. Most of them were killed after their resistance failed to bore fruits. Sobibor concentration camp accommodated Jews deported from diverse locations like â€Å"France, Germany, Poland† and other areas (Arad 324). The Jews were transported by train to the camp, and later killed in gas chambers. More than two hundred thousand Jews were killed in Sobibor. The Jews decided to be rebellious and decided to form an organization that was to kill German soldiers. Their objective was to free themselves from the sufferings and brutal killings. Nonetheless, their mission was not successful the Jews were only able to kill eleven German soldiers and a few camp guards. Their initial objective was to kill the German soldiers, and walk out of the camp free (Arad 325). Nonetheless, the murder of the soldiers and camp guards were discovered and the camp was set on fire. The prisoners tried free themselves from the fire, but only a half of the total prisoners were able to escape from the camp. In the end only a few of the escapees endured the war, while the rest of the prisoners died in mine fields and others were recaptured and brutally killed by the Germans (Arad 326). Partisans groups started forming resistance organization after the German soldiers attacked them. The partisans’ resistance was considered one of the successful resistances against the Germans (Arad 327). At the initial stages, the group was poor in resources and without

Describe and explain the main functions of prices in a modern Essay

Describe and explain the main functions of prices in a modern competitive market economy PLUS MORE QUESTIONS - Essay Example This is a signal to the supplier to expand their production in order to meet higher demand. Further, in case of excess supply, price factor also plays an important role to eliminate the excess supply. The signalling function of price can be discussed more briefly by using the following diagram. It can be seen from the Figure-1, as demand for good-Q increases, supplier of the goods can earn higher revenue and profit by selling it at higher price per unit. Thus, increase in market demand leads to expansion of market supply. Further, Figure-2 shows an increase in market supply causes fall in the relative price of good-Q and expansion of the market output along with the market demand curve. By utilising the signalling function of price, consumers are able to transmit expression of the preference or important information about changing needs and wants, to its customers. When market demand is high, price acts as the motivational factor to increase production, as supplier can earn higher profit by increasing their production. Similarly, when demand is low, it signals suppliers to contract their production. In market mechanism, suppliers actually control their production on the basis of price fluctuation (Mas-Colell et al. 2004). Price also plays an important role to ration the scarce resources. It helps to allocate the scarce resources in an effective way, when demand in the market over strips the supply. When there is shortage of product in market, the price rises. Thus, only those people, whose willingness to pay is effectively high, purchases the product. It helps to eliminate consumers having low willingness to pay. In this context, it can be cited that, auction plays a crucial part to allocate resources in an appropriate manner and clears the market. In economics, the term demand increase reflects increase in the ability and willingness on the buyers to buy a good or services at pre-existing

Evaluating Methods used for Establishing Quality Article

Evaluating Methods used for Establishing Quality - Article Example The researcher will employ the use of three different but very crucial evaluation criteria. These include whether the methods of establishing quality were appropriately used, whether all aspects of the methods for establishing quality were described or justified sufficiently, and whether the author should have used additional methods to establish quality. After reading the article keenly and going through each and every detail, the author is convinced that the methods of establishing quality were used appropriately in this qualitative research paper. For instance, there is evidence in the article that the author has employed a survey in order to collect data and to validate claims when carrying out the research. In order to validate this claim, the author looked at the paper carefully, and in the methodology section, it is clear that a survey is being used. For example, at the beginning of the methodology section, it is said that the study was performed as a survey containing six for mulated questions about the key areas, the causes and the CP of corporate vulnerability in companies’ upstream and downstream supply chains. The researcher thinks that all aspects of the methods for establishing quality were described or justified sufficiently. This is because all the aspects of surveys (the method used in this case) have been elaborated on in great detail. For instance, the author has covered the research (survey) questions, content analysis and a discussion of the empirical findings. All these have been accompanied by well elaborated and illustrated examples. The researcher is of the view that the author should not have used additional methods to establish quality. This is because he has picked just one method and effectively used it to establish sufficient quality in his paper. The researcher thinks that the degree of effectiveness achieved with one method does not warrant any other(s).

Leonardo Da Vinci's lasting influence on Western society Essay

Leonardo Da Vinci's lasting influence on Western society - Essay Example nth- and sixteenth-century Europe is represented as a repudiation of medieval values in favor of the revival of the culture of ancient Greece and Rome† (Campbell, 2004). The Renaissance period is characterized by a renewed focus on learning and knowledge. This renewed focus on learning and knowledge encouraged the curious Leonardo to explore all his interests in nature and life. Discovering how things work had fascinated him since he was a young boy in the Italian countryside. More than just painting, Leonardo displayed a particular genius in investigating many subjects, constantly learning, observing and making hypotheses that he would test out whenever he could. â€Å"His four main areas of study resulted in what are known as his Treatises, on painting, architecture, mechanics and human anatomy† (Mason, 2004: 21). His method of approaching these topics was vastly different from that of his forebears. Rather than relying on the traditions of the past to inform him about the world around him, Leonardo developed many new ways of looking at the world, thus having a significant impact upon Western society as we know it today. It is undeniable that Leonardo developed numerous painting techniques in his well-known works that have changed the way artists depicted the world, but he also revolutionized several other fields, paving the way, in many cases, for the developments of technology we now enjoy in the Western world. Although most of Leonardo’s architectural ideas were never carried out, his plans for a re-design of a city included a series of waterways that would function to keep the city streets clean. This plan included a series of locks, canals and paddlewheels that would function to wash the streets on a regular basis (Whitcombe, 2004). â€Å"He proposed to build a new city, breaking it up into towns of 30,000 each; there would be watercourses to carry off the sewage and the streets would be broad and airy, the width equal to the average height of the

Multilateral diplomacy and bilateral diplomacy Coursework

Multilateral diplomacy and bilateral diplomacy - Coursework Example Traditional bilateralism also hinged on the premise that physical presence and diplomatic interaction is an essential prerequisite for acquisition of knowledge, understanding and appreciation about each other’s history, culture and environment. Establishing of permanent embassies with missions, ambassadors and consulates for exchange of diplomatic representation between national governments had been precisely to demonstrate bilateral diplomacy through internal adaptation of the geopolitical realities of domestic and regional pressures, external to the participant countries. In the spirit of â€Å"each for himself, and God for us all† stated aptly by the erstwhile British Foreign Secretary Canning, the justification for the existence of its structure lies in the continuing significance of states as entities, for keeping interstate relations alive, aided by modern day technology. The bilateral negotiation of a nuclear test ban between the Cold War compatriots, Soviet Unio n and the U.S at the Conference on Disarmament led to the CTBT -Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, which was formulated having positive multilateral overtones on several other nuclear nations that got roped in subsequently. This outcome in the nuclear domain substantiates Thomas Nowotny’s first comment that multilateral diplomacy with widespread ratification indeed, not only turned out to be an adjunct to bilateral diplomacy between the two super powers, but also their inseparability for troubleshooting of critical problems. The limitations of bilateral diplomacy when viewed globally get exposed in the modern context of seeking solutions to complex problems have far reaching consequences to the vast comity of nations. The problematic Human Rights (HR) issue is one, which encompasses women, children, disabled persons, elderly persons, migrants, minorities, refugees, HIV/AIDS afflicted persons and HR defenders to name a few, with its manifestations unique to each country. Growing

Environmentally Sensitive Habitant Calls for Innovative Thinking Assignment

Environmentally Sensitive Habitant Calls for Innovative Thinking - Assignment Example In the past years, erosion has compromised the stability of the river meanders that resulted in â€Å"numerous slip failures in the river banks and of the flood defense embarkments.† The unstable river banks now possess hazards to the residents of the area as well as to those boats and crafts navigating through the river. Undertaking the riverbank stabilization project for Darford Creek is Team Van Oord4 under project Manager EC Harris. Team Van Oord shall work closely with ARUP5, the designer of the project. The task of the company is to â€Å"maintain the integrity of the flood defense embankments along two sections of the west bank†6 and at the same time provide for environmental measures and enhancements to product the sensitive habitat of the Creek area. As a form of habitat enhancement, Team Van Oord creates an engineered salt marsh habitat. The total budget for the project amounts to  £ 3.6 million. The construction project is good for 60 weeks. The construction is under the supervision of the Environment Agency. To stabilize the flood embankments, the contractors need to install a combination of steel sheet piling and timber brushwood faggots. According to the design of the project, the brushwood faggots shall be placed in front of the piling and supported by brushwood stakes. The general idea of this design is that the current of the river will bring about silt which could be captured and trapped in between the brushwood. The trapped silt will eventually accumulate to a certain degree and bury the brushwood faggots. Once the brushwood faggots are completely buried under the silt and sediments, it will become part of the flood embankment system and at the same time create a new salt marsh habitat. The project is deemed as a long term solution to the river bank erosion problem as well as aid in the restoration and protection of the endangered habitat.

Human Nature or Affirmative Action Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Human Nature or Affirmative Action - Assignment Example In all their activities they engage in, the human kind engage in activities that are geared towards achieving their individual targets but also, they at the back of their minds bear the ideology that this should not infringe of their neighbors peace and existence. This explains the existence of treaties and protocols, the peace deals and the different national and international organizations, groups and societies that exist in an effort of human kind to work together towards the achievement of their common goals at the different levels. The egalitarian belief will be used in subsequent arguments for my view which supports moral rights to euthanasia, in order to protect the innocent from unnecessary suffering. Libertarianism will also be incorporated due to its notion that anything done among adults with their consent is morally allowable and so is its stance against paternalism. On top of this, principles that are related to prima facie or that are prima facie of the actual beneficen ce and normal evidence will be used, mostly the well known kindness virtue in normal perfectionism. This kindness virtue is very well known to many people, and those who know its importance regularly display or use it. Then, I will persistently try to employ the use of utilitarianism also. 2A. As opposed to the simple-minded historical relativism which is traceable to Hegel’s influence, the deficiency when it comes to moral philosophy that combines consistency in theory and fidelity to known facts regarding human nature does not really change; this is because the problems have relatively remained the same in the changing social conditions. Blind alleys have revealed both the past theories and their critics; therefore it is possible to be on the past moral philosopher’s shoulders while trying to come nearer to both the facts of human nature and the new social conditions. Although one could sit in the same room with great mind in this field such as Plato, Montaigne, Hobb es, Aristotle and Adam Smith just to mention a few, one can read a paper regarding procedural justice to these brilliant minds. In the proceeding discussion, it is evident that those present were deliberating on the same subject and that it was certain that this was not a subject sustainable only by the syllabus used in a university. The underpinnings and origins of justice is what the discussion is likely to touch on, that is of the universal and usual elements present in justice, and the private to public relation of morality (Hampshire 157). 2B. I agree with this statement. 2C. Human nature naturally exists and this is the ability of a human being to make a perception about something. I believe it is a biological element that exists between us and gives us a way to go about different events and activities in life. It is our human nature that enables us to respect the virtues that are there to guide us on how we go about our daily activities. The virtues like honesty, loyalty and many others are guided by our human nature. We are able to forgive ourselves and others because of our human nature (Aristotle 14). Our responses to tasks and activities portray our human nature like when we are sad, we cry, when we are hungry, we look for food and eat and many other activities. Our ability to choose who to love and who to hate and the fact that we make this choices based on reasons and conviction from within us proves to us that human

Stop Playing the Blame Game Essay Example for Free

Stop Playing the Blame Game Essay Growing up children love to eat at McDonalds, Burger King, or their local pizza place. The fast food industry offers prepackaged, unhealthy foods that are marketed through advertisements and media as a kid friendly quick breakfast, lunch or dinner. Many blame obesity in children and young adults in the easy access to fast food. Is it fair to suggest that the numerous fast food places that are available are the leading factor in the increase of obesity amongst children? There are other factors that should be considered such as parents, lack of exercise, numerous amounts of hours spent in front of the television. David Zinczenko’s article â€Å"Don’t Blame the Eater† supports the hypothesis that the increase in obesity is caused by the easy access, affordable, numerous fast food restaurants that are available. He argues the availability of healthier food options by writing, â€Å"drive down any thoroughfare in America, and I guarantee you’ll see one of our country’s more than 13,000 McDonald’s restaurants. Now, drive back up the block and try to find someplace to buy a grapefruit† (Zinczenko 392). He utilizes his own personal story being raised by a single mother who worked two jobs and did not have a large amount of income coming in. Zinczenko notes, â€Å"By age 15, I had packed 212 pounds of torpid teenage tallow on my once lanky 5-foot-10 frame† (Zinczenko 392). He listed choices such as, Taco Bell and McDonalds as his daily meal choices due to the lack of healthy choices and alternatives that aligned with his situation as a child. Is extra weight he gained as a child Taco Bell’s fault? To some, this claim could be seen as ridiculous and lacks personal responsibility. Helen Lee reports on a study she performed to argue the hypothesis that local food availability such as fast food, and convenience stores explain the obesity increase and risk among school aged children. Helen Lee performed a study on school aged in children in low income and high income households. Lee utilized different tools and resources to report on children’s BMI and how it changes over time. The study brought attention to some astonishing results. Contrary to Zinczenko’s claim that grocery stores and healthier food choices are limited, Lee’s study finds that, â€Å"poor and minority neighborhoods not only have greater access to fast-food restaurants and convenience stores; they also have access to large-scale grocery stores and full service restaurant’s† (Lee). She also confirms from her research study that, â€Å"food outlet exposure holds no independent relationship to child weight gain† (Lee). Obesity in Children cannot solely be blamed on fast food services. Parents play a leading role in what their children consume. Lee provides relevant factors explaining obesity risk among young children: â€Å"For example, poor self-reported parental health is significantly associated with higher risk of weight gain, suggesting a relationship between parental health and child health. Television viewing is a highly significant predictor of BMI gains over time. For every additional hour per day of television viewing, there is a predicted 1. 5 percentile gain in BMI ranking by the end of fifth grade. Physical activity level is also important: increases in the number of days per week the child engaged in exercise significantly reduced their BMI gains†. (Lee) With this information it is safe to conclude that it is time to stop playing the blame game with your children’s health as well as your own. Take responsibility of your actions and live responsibly so that you may teach others to do the same. Works Cited Lee, Helen. The Role of Local Food Availability in Explaining Obesity Risk Among Young School-Aged Children. Social Science Medicine 74. 8 (2012): 1193-1203. Social Sciences Full Text (H. W. Wilson). Web. 24 Feb. 2013. Zinczenko, David. Don’t Blame the Eater. They Say, I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing with Readings. Graff, Gerald. Cathy Birkenstein. Russel Durst. New York: Norton, 2012. 391-394. Print.

Cosmopolitan Promotional Strategies

Cosmopolitan Promotional Strategies A case study into the promotional strategies of a consumer magazine and how these integrate into the marketing strategy of the sector of magazine publishing. Promotional Strategies What I chose and why For this case study I have chosen to critiqueCosmopolitan. This magazine was chosen for numerous reasons. Firstly for itshistorical role within the landscape of womens magazines in the UK. Alsobecause up until recently Cosmopolitan was the highest selling womens magazinein the UK. Due to the launch of Glamour, Cosmopolitan has lost this title. Iwill explore the promotional strategies Cosmopolitan has employed to try toregain their past position as top of the magazine rankings, and look at howsuccessful they have been to date. Cosmopolitan has been the magazine of choiceuntil Glamour launched in 2000. Glamour broke convention by printing in asmaller size that could fit in a womans handbag. Glamour ultimately ushered inthe era of convenience in magazines. Women no longer turn to magazines foropinion, unless its on makeup and clothes Cosmopolitans target audience According to the Cosmopolitan media pack: Cosmo women are young, ambitious, informed. Themajority are in full-time work. They earn and they spend! Cosmo women spendover 1 billion a year on fashion. They account for 1 out of every 11 spenton cosmetics and skincare in the UK. Cosmo readers live well: they spend over2 billion on their homes, 3.5 billion on food and almost 1.4 billion on newcars.1 PEST Analysis Political Future When the title launched in the UK in 1972, theeditor Joyce Hopkirk -and fashion and beauty editor Deirdre McShany bothcame from the Sun. Left-wing views were quite prominent in the UK version. Infact, in the second UK edition, Germaine Greers husband caused a stir byposing nude in the magazine an inside joke for feminists. In its early stages, Cosmopolitan was constantlyin the headlines. The Daily Mail was shocked by its use of the wordvirgin in an ad, and London Transport insisted that the wordfrigid, used in another ad, must be covered up with a black strip.However, the black strip wasnt long enough, and on some posters the advertread, I was f.d!. The current trend in womens magazines is movingaway from political and social issues and more into the world of celebrity andsensationalism. Despite this, Cosmopolitan is determined to maintain itspolitical routes. In January 2005, Sam Baker, the magazines current editor,contacted the leaders of the Labour, Liberal and Conservative parties forinterviews in the magazine to coincide with the 2005 general election. In aninterview with Louise France for The Observer she explained herreasoning behind these political features: Bakerdoesnt care what her readers vote, she just believes that they need toexercise their rights. If we dont, were in danger of disenfranchisingourselves. And if we dont start voting we run the risk of never voting.2 Economic Future The magazine market has hada5% year-on-year rise in the number of copies actively purchasedaccording to ABC figures released for the period to December 2004. However,there has been fear about a possible saturation of the womens magazine market.ABC figures showed there was no cause for concern. This yearhowever, I believe is the year of the womens magazine market. These latestfigures reveal an upward surge in womens glossies such as Glamour,Cosmopolitan and Marie Claire. This increase in circulationindicates that womens appetite for glossies magazines hasnt abated or reachedsaturation point like many feared.3 Despite a clear rise in womensmagazine readership, Cosmopolitan which rose 5.08% from 397,272 in December2003 to 417,445 in December 2004 Cosmopolitan still finds itself in anunstable position, trailing in second place to Glamour magazine, which had a5.67% year on year increase, from 548,672 to 579,761. Social-Cultural Future Womensmagazines, especially fashion magazines, tend to address well-educated youngreaders who are seen as loyal, independent, and ready to spend. This explainsthe overall in conformity of magazine content, with their sections devoted tocelebrity features, fashion, beauty, health, interior and lifestyle. Butmagazine publishers like the media industry in general are now viewingyouth as an increasingly elastic category (Gough-Yates, 2003, p4). On a whole,Cosmopolitan has tried to fight this trend towards celebrity and fashion, bymaintaining a sexual orientation to its features. However, elasticity in thereadership is more wide spread. Currently, there are large proportions ofBangladesh, Indian, Black Caribbean, Black African and Chinese women in thedemographic that Cosmopolitan targets4. Again, Cosmopolitan hasresisted this cultural change; the majority of non-white faces in the May 2005edition were from the advertisement pages. Technological Future Cosmopolitanhas not bought into technological change as much as its contemporaries. Mostwomens magazines now have an online version of the magazine for people toview. However, Cosmopolitan choose provide a service with their online presence;a means for its audience to purchase the branded items, and access otherservices related to the magazine and its readers. Cosmopolitans website ismore of a Cosmopolitan portal. From the PESTanalysis, it is clear that Cosmopolitan does not adjust well to change. It seesitself as an institution due to its early political routes and is finding ithard to shake this responsibility. Promotional strategies employed The Message The strapline for Cosmopolitan is For FunFearless Females. While it emphasises strength in women, there is anunderlying element of not being afraid to be feminine, indicated in the use ofthe world females instead of women. This coincides with McCrackens (1993)belief that when buying a magazine we are buying into a feminine ideal. Infact, she believes that women readers are duped bymagazines into becoming slaves to trends in fashion, beauty and femininity. The Cover It isconvention among womens magazines to have their featured star celebrityadorning the covers. This is a major promotional tool in the currentcelebrity-focused climate. Cosmopolitan strays from this slightly. While themagazine will have a celebrity featured in every edition, these celebrities areoften not featured on the cover. Instead, Cosmopolitan has created a coverelement called Cosmo Loves, and a celebrity of choice is placed on the coverunder this banner. There is a page inside the magazine that offers the coverstar a small focus without this, the audience would feel cheated. Cosmopolitanstill uses cover layout conventions and takes note of page real estate, withthe word Sexy a word synonymous with what people expect of Cosmopolitancontent written in a large font in the top left hand corner. There is alsothe use of numbers in the top left hand corner, and even a circle in the area -a tool used in shops to mark sale or special items, the red circle has become asymbol of the good deal. This real estate formula of putting the items mostattractive to buyers in this area was due to product placement, but is not asnecessary as it used to be. Before magazines where overlapped on the newsstandsand their only exposed area was the top left hand corner. Now larger magazineslike Cosmopolitan are given premium space on magazine stands in shops like W HSmith, and the whole front cover is visible. However, making use of page realestate is still valid if you take into account that people generally read fromtop to bottom, left to right. Content Cosmopolitan has seven main sections: Celebs New Real Life Love, Sex Success Youniverse Health Shops Every Month The celeb section only has four features andthere is notably no features section. Instead the magazine is verycompartmentalised with standard pages like Cosmo Money, Cosmo Careers andCheats Guide. Cosmopolitan is ultimately a service magazine. It offers a lotof advice and how-to information. Where there are features, the focus onreal-life stories, which often have a sensational element. This paired with the colloquial use of languagecreates intimacy. Not only is Cosmo your friend, its a life manual; it is anecessary element in the readers life. This element of necessity of key in themarketing strategy of the magazine, and also the overruling strategy of itsparent company, Natmags, which publishes other manual-like titles includingGood Housekeeping and Mens Health. It also has a Cosmo Offers section. This month,the offers consist of 20% off at Oasis. Affiliation with particular shops is anewer magazine promotion convention; it gives the reader an added motive to buythe magazine, and broadens the scope of the magazines ethos, by including theconnotations of the shop they have chosen to be associated with. Layout/visual In an effort to reclaim the top spot,Cosmopolitan has copied Glamours handbag size. The have also copied otherlayout elements from Glamour magazine, like the information strip at the top ofthe magazine. They do still produce the magazine in their larger A4 format. Forthe May edition, the A4 version had a free book, while the smaller version hadno free gift. This could work adversely for Cosmopolitan, as it implies thatthe larger version is less valuable and so needs the book to justify the price. Price Cosmopolitan have opted for premium pricing, at2.95. There doesnt seem to be clear justification for this price, consideringGlamour, the market leader is a pound cheaper at 1.95, and Marie Claire, whichis rated just behind Cosmopolitan, is now 2.50. Considering Cosmopolitanappeals to the everyday aspect of its audience and doesnt by into fantasy viacelebrity, they make price themselves out of the market. For a magazine aboutthe real world, the price comes across as unrealistic. Advertising Cosmopolitan has earned a reputation for beingshocking and sensational through sexual politics. This has often beenrepresented in its advertising campaigns. In 2002 the magazine embarked on anad campaign that had visual ambiguous images. On was of an open fake fur bagwith pink satin lining; another was a woman in a bikini with a thin stream ofwhite liquid running down her stomach and another was a lipstick that was shotto look like a vibrator. Extreme tactics like the ones mentioned above arenecessary for a magazine like Cosmopolitan. Many sexual taboos no longer existin current society; without them there is no need for Cosmopolitan. There adcampaigns prove we still have problems with sexual themes, and thus validatethe need for the magazine. The May edition of Cosmopolitan has 300 pages(304 including front and back cover). Of these, 122 pages are advertising,excluding classifieds and Cosmopolitans own adverts. According to McCracken (1993, p91): It is no longer appropriate to assume that the magazineis only useful for advertising food and cleaning products. The magazine needsto increase the range of products it advertises to ensure consistent andongoing revenue. Brand Expansion Some believe that modern society has broken sodecisively from the past we have lost the certainty of the past and no longerhave traditions to live by. Without traditions we have no idea of how to live.Brands, however, can provide us with a substitute to traditions: brands havebecome the new traditions they shape and give meaning to everyday lives -brands are the new traditions in our society. (Grant, 1999) Cosmopolitan have strived to create a brand,through extended products. They have associated magazines: Cosmo Girl! andCosmo Bride; they have their own awards, which is an extension of theirposition to recommend people and products; and they also have a lingerie line.On top of this, their cover mounts are often branded. For the A4 May edition,the free book is an edited version of a book that has not yet been released,and has Cosmopolitan edition written on it. Overview/conclusion Cosmopolitan have maintained their politicalstance and prove that there is still a need for what some might call a femininepolitical crusade with the use of shocking sexual advertising and the recentcoverage of the general election. These have marketing strategies andpromotional strategies that it has employed since its launch in the 1970s.However, with social changes, and the readers new love affair with celebrity -which is not just fuelled by other womens glossies, but also by the influx ofwomens weeklies Cosmopolitan will need to do more to regain its position asmost read womens magazine. Reference Cosmopolitan Media Pack France, L. Cosmo is not just about sex. Observer Magazine. 16 Jan, 2005 Top 100 Selling Consumer Magazines. ABC. 2004 Gender. National Statistics. October 2004 Bibliography Gough-Yates, A. Understanding Womens magazines: Publishing, markets and Readerships (Routledge, 2003) McCracken, E. Decoding womens Magazines. (Macmillian, 1993) Grant, J. The new Marketing Manifesto. (Texere, 1999)

Nikolai Aleksandrovich Romanov: The Last Tsar of Russia Essay

:Nikolai Aleksandrovich Romanov, the last standing Tsar of Russia officially known as Tsar Nicholas II, autocrat of Russia. Nicholas II was born on 18th May, 1868 in Tsarskoe Selo, Russia. Nicholas II was the eldest son of Alexander III and his Empress Marie Romanova. Nicholas was eldest of six children. He had three younger brothers, Alexander, George, Michael and two younger sisters, Xenia and Olga. Nicholas II ruled from 1894 until his abdication on 15 March 1917, his reign saw imperial Russia go from being one of the foremost great powers of the world to an economic and military catastrophe. Tsar Nicholas II influenced and sought change in the historical events of Russo - Jap War, Bloody Sunday, October Manifesto, The First Russian Revolution, World War One and the abdication of the throne. Thus bringing about change in Russia and the autocratic system of ruling that lead to the downfall of the Romanov Dynasty. Nicholas firmly believed in the same traits as his father, Tsar Alexander III. After the sudden death of his father in 1894, Nicholas II was crowned Tsar of Russia, and left to rule without any knowledge and training of leadership skills. The state of Russia’s economy and military was in the fate of Nicholas II. As he was unprepared for the new and challenging role to govern the extensive Russian empire. Nicholas II complained to his brother-in-law stating that, ‘I am not prepared to be a Tsar. I never wanted to become one. I know nothing of the business of ruling’. Nicholas II was different compared to that of the past Tsars, Nicholas’ II early interests did not revolve around political matters. His father, although wanted him to be tough but his personality was the exact opposite. Soon after the death of his fath... ... factor within it self that contributed to the downfall of the Romanov dynasty. As a result the impact of World War One and tensions that arose in Russia, Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicated by the Duma. As the primary source, ‘At Last’ –Brisbane worker, 22nd March 1971, indicates that the majority of the people did not want a Tsar ruling Russia thus the need for the a revolution. The big hand, in the source represents the size of the people and the forcible removable of the Tsar as it burst through chair. By the second revolution the Romanov dynasty has ended due to the execution of the Romanov’s. The fall of the Russian Empire was a result of a complex web of factors. The ultra conservatism and political inexperience of Tsar Nicholas II greatly contributed to the fall, as did the huge socio-economic changes, modernisation, industrialisation of the period.

The Federal Reserve - Its Time to Put an End to Central Bank Independence :: Economics Monetary Policy Feds Restraint

The Federal Reserve - It's Time to Put an End to Central Bank Independence If "taxation without representation" could rally the colonists against the British Crown in 1776, tight money and ruinous interest rates might be cause for populist revolt in our own day. Federal Reserve monetary policy also has severe social burdens, measured by huge changes in aggregate output, income, and employment. The imperious Fed, much like the English Crown two centuries ago, formulates and carries out its policy directives without democratic input, accountability, or redress. Not only has the Fed's monetary restraint at times deliberately pushed the economy into deep recession, with the attendant loss of millions of jobs, but also its impact on the structure of interest rates and dollar exchange rates powerfully alters the U.S. distribution of national income and wealth. Federal Reserve shifts in policy have generated economic consequences that at least equal in size and scope the impact of major tax legislation that Congress and the White House must belabor in public debate for months. Popularized studies of Federal Reserve performance in recent decades convey the image of the Fed seated in its Greek temple on Constitution Avenue, with Chairmen Volcker and Greenspan elevated to the realm of the gods. From centers of economic power around the nation - Wall Street, Capitol Hill, the White House, and corporate boardrooms - the classical Greek chorus intones its defense of Federal Reserve independence. On the surface, central bank independence seems an eminently reasonable, appealingly simple solution for an agonizingly complex and muddled process of making economic policy in this postindustrial, electronically linked, and computerized global economy. The independent central bank is an institutional concept that complements well the counterrevolution now underway in U.S. budget policy. Washington's fiscal policy is locked into a deficit-cutting mode for the near future, while Congress is determined to retreat from all discretionary spending, regulatory intervention, or measures to improve equity in the distribution of national income and wealth. With the federal fiscal policy on automatic pilot, the Fed's monetary policy could be removed entirely from the inefficiencies and confusion of the democratic process. But this deceptively simple conception poses profound questions for the process of democratic representative government in the United States as it pertains to managing the nation's economy.

The Effects of Television on Child Development Essay -- TV Television

Our generation has been raised in a technological advanced world and there has been definite controversy over many of these innovations that this new culture has brought. An innovation that has troubled the youth of America for many years is television. Although there is no certainty to eliminate this 'plug-in drug,'; there are many ways to control and monitor your television as a parent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Children between two and eleven years of age watch an average of 25 hours of television a week.(Children's Television) Which means that children spend more time watching television than in school. With that statistic it is no wonder why this is such a huge problem that this nation has to deal with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many facts that show how children are affected by television. The most obvious is the effects that television has on the brain. 'Television interferes with the development of intelligence, thinking skill and imagination.';(LimiTv) A huge element of thinking is taking from what you already know and deciding how it applies in different situation. School makes you do this, but television does not. Michael and Sheila Cole, sociologist, say that 'Children socialized to learn from television had lower than normal expectations about the amount of mental effort required to learn from written texts, and tended to read less and perform relatively poorly in school.';(Development of Children 24) Which means that it takes very little effort to follow a television show and kids are raised on television believe that it takes less effort to learn from television rather than books because they have been 'spoon-fed'; information by television. 'Opportunities for a child's imagination to develop are also denied by habitual viewing.'; (Neural Activity and the Growth of the Brain) Children need some unstructured time to allow imagination skills to form by thinking about a book or story, a conversation, or an event. 'Television also conditions a child to dual stimui: sound and images.';(Neural Activity and the Growth of the Brain) The constant and rapidly changing sound and images can condition a child to expect the level of televisions in other situations. The problem with this is that in school children are called upon to speak, to listen, to work some problems, or read, and none of these tasks contain the 'dual stimula'; that children expect from television. Dr. Hinto... ...-off fail because each parent has different opinions, sending mixed messages to the children. Confidently present the idea of a turn-off, giving all the reasons you think is worthwhile. Make straightforward deals 'If you'll do this, I'll do†¦). And even if you can't get outright participation, try for a show of solidarity in front of the children. Presenting the idea to pre-school children and toddlers does not require advance discussion. In most cases, all that is needed is a matter of fact statement that we will not be watching television this week. Also, getting company for you television turn-off is valuable. Support from friends and neighbors, as well as teachers and classmates can be a great help. A turn-off is more enjoyable if other families are involved. During this turn-off time you will find that your kids, as well as you have, a lot of more time on your hands. During this time that your children are not watching television there is many enjoyable activities that your children will find fun and that are educational as well, see appendix. These great ways to have fun with your children are a great alternative to television and your children will love these games also.

Research Study Paper

Article two by Grainiest & Colliers (2012) â€Å"Fellowship's experiences of organizational leadership: A systems psychodrama perspective† was chosen for leadership and article three was carefully chosen for this paper. â€Å"Followers' Personality and the Perception of Transformational Leadership: Further Evidence for the Similarity Hypothesis† by the authors Flee, J. , & Synchs, B. (2010) came from the reference list of article one. These articles titles in comparison all are related to followers' in an organization and show how followers' personality, preferences, and experiences affect how hey perceive leadership.The purpose of the study in article one, the authors wanted the findings built upon the â€Å"Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Research Program (GLOBE study)† by analyzing the personalities Of the participants and the impact on implicit leadership views. Article two's purpose for the study is to describe follower-ship exper iences of organizational leadership from a systems psychodrama perspective and the aim of article three's study is to extend previous research on the relationship between follower's personality and the perception and acceptance of ramifications leadership.The comparison of the studies show how followers' personality, preferences, and experiences affect how they perceive leadership in organizations. The authors rational for the topic in article one is â€Å"the primary focus of the GLOBE study and to analyze how cultural preferences predicted leadership preferences. † (Palmer, et al. , 2013, peg. 56) This study added significantly to the body of literature related to implicit leadership and the study did not report how participants' personalities impacted their views of leadership.In article two, the authors' build a strong ease that has given them motivation for the study and their rationale for the topic is because â€Å"the research was important in its rich comment on org anizational leadership as expressed by fellowship in a contained space and interpreting the views from below the surface† (Grainiest, et al. 201 2, peg. 6) which are not expressed in organizations generally and easily. The authors' also commented on how there is no previous research on the topic.Finally in article three, the author's build a plausible case that provide evidence that followers personality influences the perceptions of ramifications leadership and commitment to the leader. For the author's to do their study, they reversed the order of variables in which the leaders affect their followers' attitudes and behaviors to the followers' reactions to leaders as the independent variables and the leaders as the dependent variable. The comparison of the rational in each article provides the prediction of followers' personality whether through the GLOBE study or as one particular leadership style.Research Questions The research questions in each of the articles provide the researcher the tools needed to test their theories. In article one, Palmer along with the other authors provided the following hypotheses to be tested in their study. 1 . DO followers' personality in neurotics correlate with Charismatic Leadership and Directive Leadership? 2. Does Extroversion correlate how followers perceive with preferences to Directive Leadership, Bureaucratic Leadership, or Self Serving Leadership? 3. Does Agreeableness correlate with followers' personality for Charismatic Leadership, Directive Leadership, and Self Serving Leadership? . Do Openness correlate with Directive Leadership, Bureaucratic, and Self Serving Leadership? These hypotheses of followers' neurotics, extroversion, agreeableness, and openness may be positively correlated to Charismatic and Directive leadership but my impact Bureaucratic and Self Serving leadership negatively. Article two state â€Å"given the aforementioned complexity on the macro, mess, and micro leadership levels (Greenest, e t al. , 201 2, peg. 3); the authors wanted to know whether leadership is an anxiety for followers. Also, followers' experiences and how they perceive race and gender in leadership.The following hypotheses are tested: 1) What is fellowship's systems psychodrama experience of organization leadership? 2) Is leadership an anxiety for followers that is an object split between a â€Å"good parent and a bad parent' theory? 3) How does followers experience of organizational leadership denigrating the present and hoping for a good future like â€Å"good bread with bad butter in between'? 4) Do followers perceive race and gender play a part in leadership? 5) Do followers believe leadership is experiencing an adolescent type of identity crises? ) Why do followers perceive leadership as a bad object containing unsolvable shame and haunting organizations? 7) Do coping with existential anxiety round leadership based on trusting the systemic and unconscious life forces towards equilibrium, linke d with an inner strength to survive? Article three tests the hypotheses for followers â€Å"high in extroversion, agreeableness and openness are assumed to perceive or attributed more transformational leadership and to show more affective commitment to their supervisors† (Flee, et al. , 2010, peg. 98) in relation to followers' perceptions of transformational leadership and the affective commitment to the supervisor and the personalities of leaders. The authors' hypotheses mentioned are: 1) Followers extroversion is positively related to the perception Of transformational leadership and to the affective commitment to the supervisor, whereas the relationship with continuance commitment is negative. 2) Followers' agreeableness is positively related to the perception of transformation leadership and to the affective commitment to the supervisor, whereas the relationship with continuance commitment is negative. ) Followers' openness is positively related to the affective commitmen t to the negative. 4) Followers' neurotics is negatively related to the perception of prevision, whereas the relationship with continuance commitment is positive. 5) Followers' perception of leaders' personality (high extroversion, high agreeableness, high openness and low neurotics) is related to the perception of transformational leadership and to affective commitment to the supervisor. ) Relationship between follower personality and the perception of transformational leadership and commitment to the supervision are mediated by the perception of one's leader's personality. A comparison of the research questions show article one with four hypotheses, article two with seven, and article three with six hypotheses Sample Population The sample population in each of these articles show a comparison that mostly women were used in the studies. The first article shows that it used 132 college educated, full time managers or leaders in an organizations with there being 81 females and 48 mal es within these groups.Out of the 1 32 participant, 75 were Hispanic, 30 Blacks, 12 White and 15 who were of other ethnicities and their age average of 40 years. There are 8 newly identified cases on leaders of large organizations in article two with 64 participants insisting of 52% White, 33% Black, 9% Indian, and 6% other with 58% participants being female and 42% male between the ages of 28 and 61 years. Article three participants in the study are 1 53 clerical volunteers and women being 75% of the workers with the average mean of 36. 5 in their ages.A comparison shows that show women were mostly interviewed. What does not compare, is that article two did not have as many participants as one and three. Article three did not mention ethnicity or race as did articles one and two. Results Examining the results of each study, the authors in their perspective articles how that their hypotheses are mostly positive and correlate to the given research questions. In article one, the curre nt study found the personality trait of followers' on agreeableness as being a predictor high on leadership.New experiences for followers openness is incongruent with Bureaucratic Leadership, but personality traits related to â€Å"Charismatic, Value-Based Team dervish and Directive Leadership, and negatively related to Bureaucratic Leadership and Self-Serving Leadership. † (Farmer, et al. , 201 3, peg. 62) Neurotics was positively correlated with preferences for Charismatic Leadership and Directive Leadership. Extroversion was positively correlated with preferences for Directive Leadership and negatively correlated with tolerance for Bureaucratic and Self-serving Leadership.Agreeableness was positively correlated with preferences for Charismatic Leadership and Directive Leadership and negatively correlated with tolerance for Self-Serving dervish. Openness was positively correlated with preferences for Directive leadership and negatively correlated with tolerance for Bureaucr atic and Self- Serving Leadership. Whereas in article two, leadership is seen from followers' experience is torn between the rational and mechanistic task and leaders avoiding how followers as people are being cared for. Followers perceive leaders as adults who treat them as children.Although article three states â€Å"followers' extroversion and agreeableness were positively related to the perception of overall transformational leadership and to affective commitment to the supervisor, the relationship between followers' extroversion and continuance commitment to the supervisor was negative and agreeableness was not related to continuance commitment. † (Grainiest, et al. , 201 2 peg. 01) Openness, transformational leadership, and commitment are correlated in a direction that is positive, with continuance commitment showing only a significance to leaders.Neurotics is negatively related to followers' perception of affective commitment and transformational leadership. The percep tions of transformational leadership was positively related to perceived leaders' extroversion, openness, and agreeableness and negatively related to perceived leaders' neurotics. â€Å"There is support for the mediation effect Of extroversion and agreeableness, a tentative support for neurotics but no support for openness. (Flee, et al. , 201 0, peg. 93) Therefore, the comparison of the hypotheses is that follower's perceptions of leadership through followers' personality traits see leadership as not caring and followers' are agreeable to prevent conflict and the perception of transformational leadership is the leadership that followers perceive their leaders to be. Conclusion The limitations of article one are the use of the GLOBE questionnaire using two empirical pilot studies. Article two mentioned a limitation that leadership was included in the study therefore, no interpretation about the other's view an be made.Article three's data is cross-sectional and they cannot rule out that transformational leadership influences followers' self-perception and their influence of personality characteristics examined in this study is limited. The comparison of the limitations is that the authors' were not able to provide enough data using data from previous studies. In conclusion, Palmer and the other authors from article one in their findings found that extroversion in leadership is strongly correlated to effective leadership and their study found the personality trait of followers in agreeableness is insistent in regards to leadership.From article 2, leadership is by followers' views is seen as a relationship that Sees followers as immature. The authors also suggested future research should be done to include the leadership experiences of fellowship and to conclude with article three, the findings the authors found suggests that leaders influence strongly the behaviors and attitudes of followers in commitment, performance, and satisfaction. Elevating followers' mo tives and values, the transformational leadership sets leaders' behaviors as a proven effect in organizations.